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Objective To study the functions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ(PPARγ), retinoic acid X receptor α (RXRα) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in the carcinogenesis of cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Methods The expressions of PPARγ, RXRα and COX-2 in 17 cases of normal cervical epithelium (NCE), 72 cases of squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) and 42 cases of cervical SCC were detected with immunohistochemical method respectively. Results The positive expression rates of PPARγ in the NCE, SIL and cervical SCC group were 23.5 % (4/17), 58.3 % (42/72) and 83.3 % (35/42) respectively; the positive expression rates of RXRα in the NCE, SIL and cervical SCC group were 29.4 %(5/17), 54.2 % (39/72) and 90.5 % (38/42) respectively. No significant expression of COX-2 was found in the NCE, while the positive expression rates of COX-2 in SIL and cervical SCC were 36.1 % (26/72) and 57.1 %(24/42) respectively. The positive expression rates of PPARγ, RXRαand COX-2 in high-grade SIL group were higher than those in low-grade SIL group (all P<0.05). In cervical SCC group, the positive expression rate of COX-2 with lymph node metastasis was higher than that without lymph node metastasis (χ2= 3.98, P= 0.04). Conclusion PPARγ, RXRαand COX-2 might be all involved in the carcinogenesis of SCC.
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Objective To study the functions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ(PPARγ), retinoic acid X receptor α (RXRα) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in the carcinogenesis of cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Methods The expressions of PPARγ, RXRα and COX-2 in 17 cases of normal cervical epithelium (NCE), 72 cases of squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) and 42 cases of cervical SCC were detected with immunohistochemical method respectively. Results The positive expression rates of PPARγ in the NCE, SIL and cervical SCC group were 23.5 % (4/17), 58.3 % (42/72) and 83.3 % (35/42) respectively; the positive expression rates of RXRα in the NCE, SIL and cervical SCC group were 29.4 %(5/17), 54.2 % (39/72) and 90.5 % (38/42) respectively. No significant expression of COX-2 was found in the NCE, while the positive expression rates of COX-2 in SIL and cervical SCC were 36.1 % (26/72) and 57.1 %(24/42) respectively. The positive expression rates of PPARγ, RXRαand COX-2 in high-grade SIL group were higher than those in low-grade SIL group (all P<0.05). In cervical SCC group, the positive expression rate of COX-2 with lymph node metastasis was higher than that without lymph node metastasis (χ2= 3.98, P= 0.04). Conclusion PPARγ, RXRαand COX-2 might be all involved in the carcinogenesis of SCC.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the anatomic features of the gracilis muscle flap and its clinical application in tongue reconstruction.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty gracilis muscles in 15 cadavers were dissected, and the morphometric parameter of the gracilis muscle and the origin, length, diameter of the vascular and nerve pedicle were observed and measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The length of the total gracilis and the muscle belly was 41.8±3.9 cm and 31.0±3.6 cm respectively, and the width and thickness of the muscle was 3.2±0.7 cm and 1.7±0.2 cm respectively. The blood supply to the gracilis originated from multiple source vessles, and two to five pedicles supplied the gracilis from its deep surface and entered the muscle near its anterior border, of which the dominant pedicle and the first distal pedicle were consistent in their anatomy which originated from the profunda femoris vessels and the femoris vessels respectively. The length and external diameter of these vessels were suitable for microvascular anastomosis, while other vessel pedicles were neither consistent in their anatomy nor the length and external diamiter suitable for microvascular anastomosis. The nerve to the gracilis arose from the anterior division of the obturator nerve consistently and its length and external diameter was suitable for anastomosis with the hypoglossal nerve.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Because of superficial location, excellent morphological match for tongue, consistency in its vascular and neural pedicle's anatomy and suitability of neurovascular pedicle's length and external diameter for microsurgical anastomoses, possibility of regaining tongue movements, the gracilis flap is a ideal option for tongue reconstruction.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Cadaver , Muscle, Skeletal , Plastic Surgery Procedures , Methods , Surgical Flaps , Thigh , Tongue , General SurgeryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To provide suggestions for the revision of regulations on drug import and export stated in Pharmaceutical Management Law.METHODS:The Federal Food,Drug and Cosmetic Act(FD&CA) and regulations and procedures on drug import & export were reviewed.Then literature analysis and comparison research were adopted in study.RESULTS:Complete legal system for drug import and exports were established in USA.With multiple revision and supplement,items in FD&CA were comprehensive and explicit,which standardized the behavior of import and export and increased sales.CONCLUSIONS:The management for drug import and export should further be strengthened in China with a focus on improving Pharmaceutical Management Law.The most important thing is to implement full supervision on drug imports with flexible import procedure and regulations,and enhance the management for exporting drugs and specific medicines.
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OBJECTIVE:To provide suggestions for dealing with public emergency in China. METHODS:Through consulting the FDA guidelines for emergency management,the study was done by reviewing literature and comparison study. RESULTS:USA has established complete legal system for emergency management. FDA has established complete organization chart of emergency response with the emergency operation center as its focal point and various centers and offices providing support to resolve all kinds of emergencies. CONCLUSIONS:A complete legal system for emergency management is required in China,the most importance of which is to set up an emergency operation center in SFDA with a set of supporting departments. It is urgent to establish practical emergency response plans.